Osteonecrosis múltiple inducida por glucocorticoides / Multiple osteonecrosis induced bye glucocorticoids / Osteonecrose múltipla induzida por glicocorticóides

La osteonecrosis múltiple es una entidad poco frecuente que se define por el compromiso de al menos tres regiones diferentes. Es indispensable el abordaje multidisciplinario de los pacientes que la padecen tanto para el diagnóstico como el tratamiento oportuno. Presentamos el caso clínico de un paciente joven que presenta una osteonecrosis múltiple con compromiso de ambas caderas, hombros, rodillas, codo derecho y cuello de pie izquierdo. El principal factor de riesgo presente en nuestro caso es el consumo de glucocorticoides.

Multiple osteonecrosis is a rare entity that is defined by the involvement of at least three different regions. A multidisciplinary approach to patients who suffer from it is essential for both diagnosis and timely treatment. We present the clinical case of a young patient who presented multiple osteonecrosis with involvement of both hips, shoulders, knees, right elbow, and neck of the left foot. The main risk factor present in our case is the consumption of glucocorticoids.

A osteonecrose múltipla é uma entidade rara que se define pelo envolvimento de pelo menos três regiões diferentes. Uma abordagem multidisciplinar aos pacientes que sofrem com isso é essencial para o diagnóstico e tratamento oportuno. Apresentamos o caso clínico de um paciente jovem que apresenta osteonecrose múltipla envolvendo quadris, ombros, joelhos, cotovelo direito e pescoço do pé esquerdo. O principal fator de risco presente no nosso caso é o consumo de glicocorticóides.

Osteonecrosis bilateral de rodilla tratada con descompresión y concentrado de aspirado de médula ósea / Bilateral knee osteonecrosis with decompression and bone marrow concentrate

Descripta por Ahlbäck en 1968, la osteonecrosis de rodilla es una patología con un gran potencial de morbilidad. Está dividida en tres grandes grupos: primaria/espontánea, postoperatoria y secundaria/atraumática. Esta última podría estar directamente relacionada con el consumo prolongado de corticoides. Su tratamiento constituye un desafío para el cirujano ortopedista. Va a depender del estadio de la enfermedad y del colapso articular, y se intentará siempre preservar la superficie articular nativa. Dentro de las distintas opciones terapéuticas, las terapias biológicas constituyen una herramienta potencialmente valiosa como complemento al tratamiento quirúrgico, y muestran resultados clínicos esperanzadores. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con una osteonecrosis de rodilla bilateral, secundaria al consumo crónico de corticoides, tratada con una artroscopía bilateral asociada a perforaciones subcondrales descompresivas y aplicación subcondral de concentrado de médula ósea (CMO), con evolución satisfactoria de los síntomas a los treinta meses de seguimiento en la rodilla derecha, mientras que en la rodilla izquierda presentó una evolución tórpida de los síntomas a partir de los veinticuatro meses, por lo que está en plan de reemplazo articular.

Described by Ahlbäck in 1968, osteonecrosis of the knee is a pathology with great potential for morbidity. It is divided into three large groups: primary/spontaneous, postoperative, and secondary/atraumatic. The latter might be directly related to prolonged consumption of steroids. Its treatment is a challenge for the orthopedist. It will depend on the disease stage and articular collapse, always trying to preserve the native articular surface. Within the different therapeutic options, biological therapies are a potentially valuable tool as a complement to surgical treatment, showing encouraging clinical results. We present the case of a female patient with bilateral osteonecrosis of the knee, secondary to chronic consumption of steroids, treated with bilateral arthroscopy associated with decompressive subchondral perforations and subchondral application of bone marrow concentrate (BMC), with a satisfactory evolution of symptoms after thirty months of follow-up in the right knee. However, the left knee showed a torpid evolution of symptoms after twenty-four months of follow-up, so she is on a joint replacement plan

Reconstrução de úmero e reanimação do cotovelo com retalho osteomiocutâneo da escápula: relato de caso / Reconstruction of the humerus and rehabilitation of the elbow using an osteomyocutaneous scapular flap: a case report

Introdução: No presente trabalho, relatamos um caso de reconstrução do terço proximal do úmero direito e reanimação do cotovelo de um paciente masculino, de 20 anos, vítima de acidente automobilístico, com necrose óssea de 5 cm no terço proximal do úmero e avulsão do bíceps braquial. Métodos: Utilizamos o retalho ósseo da escápula, associado ao retalho miocutâneo do grande dorsal, tendo como pedículo os vasos subescapulares. Resultados: O paciente teve excelente evolução no pós-operatório, apresentando-se, no pós-operatório de 2 meses, com consolidação óssea e iniciando a flexão do cotovelo. Conclusões: Perante a utilização do retalho descrito, concluímos que esta modalidade de retalho se insere no arsenal dos retalhos ósseos de maior segurança nas reconstruções ósseas em geral.

Introduction: We report a case of reconstruction of the proximal third of the right humerus and rehabilitation of the elbow in a 20-year-old male patient who was injured in an automobile accident and developed bone necrosis of 5 cm at the proximal third of the humerus and avulsion of the brachial biceps. Methods: A scapular bone flap was used, together with a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap, using subscapular vessels for the pedicle. Results: The patient had excellent postoperative course, presenting in the 2-month postoperative period with bone consolidation and initiation of elbow flexion. Conclusions: This flap modality is a safe and useful option for bone reconstruction.

Descompresión ósea metafisaria del radio distal para estadios tempranos de la enfermedad de Kienböck: Seguimiento mínimo de 10 años / Metaphyseal bone decompression of distal radius for early stages of Kienböck's disease. Minimum follow-up of 10 years

Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los resultados clínicos y radiológicos a largo plazo de una serie de pacientes con enfermedad de Kienböck en estadios II y IIIA de la clasificación de Lichtman, tratados mediante descompresión metafisaria del radio distal. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo que incluyó a 23 pacientes con enfermedad de Kienböck (estadios II y IIIA de Lichtman) tratados mediante descompresión metafisaria del radio distal con, al menos, 10 años de seguimiento. Al final del seguimiento, se evaluaron el rango de movilidad de la muñeca, la fuerza de puño, mediante la escala de la Clínica Mayo modificada y el dolor, según la escala analógica visual. Se valoró a los pacientes radiográficamente según la clasificación de Lichtman y el índice de altura carpiana. Resultados: El seguimiento promedio fue de 14 años (rango 10-19). Nueve pacientes eran mujeres y catorce, hombres. Quince casos correspondían al estadio IIIA y ocho, al estadio II. Según la escala de la Clínica Mayo, los resultados fueron excelentes en 9 pacientes, buenos en 11 pacientes, moderados en 2 y pobres en uno. El puntaje en la escala analógica visual preoperatoria fue 7 (rango 6-10) y 1,1 (rango 0-6) al final del seguimiento. El arco de flexión/extensión promedio fue del 78% y la fuerza de puño, del 81%. Según la clasificación de Lichtman, hubo progresión en 4 pacientes, mientras que los otros 19 permanecieron en la misma etapa que en el preoperatorio. Conclusión: La descompresión metafisaria del radio distal logró resultados favorables a largo plazo para los estadios II y IIIA de la enfermedad de Kienböck. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to analyze the long-term clinical and radiological results of a series of patients with early stages of Kienböck disease treated with radius core decompression. Methods: This retrospective study included 23 patients with Kienböck's disease (Lichtman stage II and IIIA) who underwent distal radius metaphyseal core decompression, and were controlled for at least 10 years. At the last follow-up, wrist range of motion and grip strength using the modified Mayo wrist score and pain using the visual analogue scale were evaluated. Patients were also radiographically evaluated with the Lichtman classification and the modified carpal height ratio. Results: The mean follow-up period was 14 years (range 10-9). Nine patients were women and fourteen were men. Fifteen cases belonged to IIIA stage and 8 to II stage. Based on the modified Mayo wrist score, results were excellent in 9 patients, good in 11 patients, fair in 2 and poor in one patient. Preoperative pain score according to VAS was 7 (range 6-10) and 1.1 (range 0-6) at the final follow-up. Average flexion/extension arc was 78% and the grip strength was 81%. Radiographic disease progression according to Lichtman classification occurred in four wrists, while the remaining 19 patients remained without changes. Conclusion: Radius core decompression achieved long-term favorable results in the early stages of Kienböck disease. Level of Evidence: IV

Articular reconstruction of the humeral head with autogenous allograft in the treatment of the osteonecrosis / Reconstrução da superfície articular da cabeça umeral com enxerto homólogo no tratamento da osteonecrose

ABSTRACT The authors describe a surgical biological reconstruction of the humeral head with frozen autogenous allograft technique for the treatment of young patients with focal osteonecrosis of the humeral head. This represents a possible alternative, maybe even definitive for some patients, when compared to hemiarthroplasty or total shoulder arthroplasty. The technique consists of the fixation of a frozen autogenous allograft with previously-molded articular cartilage from the humeral head, after cleansing the osteonecrotic focus. Five patients under 50 years of age were treated, with three very satisfactory results, one patient was lost to follow-up, and one patient had an unsatisfactory result (converted to hemiarthroplasty). The study describes the technique in detail and the three cases with a longer follow-up time.

RESUMO Os autores descrevem a técnica cirúrgica de reconstrução biológica da cabeça umeral com enxerto ósseo homólogo congelado usada no tratamento da osteonecrose segmentar da cabeça umeral em pacientes jovens e destacam a abordagem como uma possibilidade opcional e talvez definitiva à hemiartroplastia ou artroplastia total do ombro. Resumidamente, a técnica consiste em reconstruir a falha encontrada na região necrótica da cabeça umeral com o uso de enxerto ósseo congelado com cartilagem para refazer a superfície articular comprometida. No total, cinco pacientes com menos de 50 anos foram tratados com essa técnica, conseguiram-se resultados muito satisfatórios em três deles, uma perda de seguimento e um resultado negativo, convertido para hemiartroplastia. O estudo descreve a técnica usada com detalhes, bem como os três casos com maior tempo de seguimento.

Artrodesis intercarpiana como tratamiento de salvamento en pacientes con enfermedad de Kienböck / Intercarpal fusion as a salvage procedure in Kienböck disease

Resumen: Introducción: Se analizaron los resultados funcionales de cuatro técnicas quirúrgicas de salvamento para resolver la etapa IIIB-IV de Litchman de la enfermedad de Kienböck. Observamos la evolución de los procedimientos quirúrgicos de salvamento realizados del 2000 al 2015. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo transversal de 33 pacientes tratados con cuatro técnicas quirúrgicas distintas a quienes se les realizó la escala Quick-DASH, dinamometría y EVA. Resultados: Se encontró menor limitación funcional al año postquirúrgico en los individuos a los cuales se les realizó la artrodesis intercarpiana con o sin neurotomía del nervio interóseo posterior, con una media de 16.4, una mediana de 16.35, una moda de 15.3 y una p < 0.05. Discusión: Se demostró que una cirugía poco agresiva es suficiente para evolucionar a un aumento sintomatológico y un descenso de la función y fuerza, por lo que la artrodesis intercarpiana logra mejores resultados que otros procedimientos usados con anterioridad y avalados por las grandes asociaciones internacionales. Conclusiones: La técnica quirúrgica de salvamento de elección en nuestra serie, que sugiere evitar la progresión de la enfermedad de Kienböck, es la artrodesis intercarpiana más neurotomía del nervio interóseo posterior, ya que presenta menor número de complicaciones.

Abstract: Introduction: Functional results of four surgical techniques to resolve the IIIB-IV Litchman`s stage of the Kienböck disease were analyzed. We observed the evolution from 2000 to 2015. aterial and methods: Transversal retrospective study of 33 patients treated with different surgical techniques and evaluated with Quick-DASH scale, dynamometer and EVA. Results: Less functional limitation was found in the patients who underwent the intercarpal fusion with or without neurotomy of the posterior interosseous. Discussion: It was shown that the fact of making a less aggressive surgery is enough to evolve into an increase in symptoms and a decrease in function and strength; therefore, the intercarpal fusion performed at the right time of the natural history of the disease can achieve better results than other methods used previously and endorsed by international associations. Conclusions: The surgical technique of choice in our series to prevent disease progression was the intercarpal fusion and neurotomy of the posterior interosseous nerve.

Clinical outcomes of osteonecrosis of the femoral head after autologous bone marrow stem cell implantation: a meta-analysis of seven case-control studies

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of osteonecrosis of the femoral head after autologous bone marrow stem cell implantation. We searched the PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases and included all case-control trials that reported on the clinical outcomes of osteonecrosis progression, incidence of total hip arthroplasty and improvement in Harris hip scores. Overall, seven case-control trials were included. Compared with the controls, patients treated with the bone marrow stem cells implantation treatment showed improved clinical outcomes with delayed osteonecrosis progression (odds ratio = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.09 - 0.32; p <0.001), a lower total hip arthroplasty incidence (odds ratio = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.12 - 0.72; p <0.01) and increased Harris hip scores (mean difference = 4.76, 95% CI: 1.24 - 8.28; p<0.01). The heterogeneity, publication bias, and sensitivity analyses showed no statistical difference significant differences between studies. Thus, our study suggests that autologous bone marrow stem cells implantation has a good therapeutic effect on osteonecrosis of the femoral, resulting in beneficial clinical outcomes. However, trials with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these findings.

Osteonecrosis disbárica de cabeza humeral en buzo pesquero tratado con artroplastia de superficie / Dysbaric osteonecrosis of humeral head in a diver treated with resurfacing arthroplasty

Describir osteonecrosis disbárica (ODB) en buzo pesquero y exponer la experiencia inédita de tratamiento con artroplastia de superficie (AS). Introducción ODB, forma de necrosis avascular secundaria a enfermedad por descompresión (EDC), cuyo tratamiento gold standard para estadios avanzados continúa siendo la artroplastia total (AT). Presentación de caso: Paciente de 49 años, buzo pesquero, antecedentes de EDC tratada el 2008 en cámara hiperbárica, con diagnóstico compatible con ODB de cabeza humeral derecha de 6 años de evolución; Constant score=29. Se realiza AS del hombro derecho, y luego de 18 meses de seguimiento se reporta una adecuada evolución clínica con remisión de la sintomatología; Constant score a 18 meses=72. Discusión: El uso de AT en el paciente joven es limitado, por lo que surge la necesidad de implementar nuevas técnicas quirúrgicas en este grupo de pacientes. Conclusión: La AS constituye una alternativa terapéutica en adultos jóvenes y activos con ODB...

Introduce and describe Dysbaric Osteonecrosis (DON) in a fishing diver patient, emphasising clinical features, use of imaging methods, and present a new experience of treatment with Resurfacing Arthroplasty (RA). Introduction: DON, a form of avascular necrosis secondary to Decompression Sickness (DCS). Total Arthroplasty (AT) remains the reference treatment for advanced stages. Case report: Male, 49 years old, fishing diver, with a history of DCS treated in a hyperbaric chamber (2008). Right humeral head DON Compatible with 6 years of onset. Constant Score=29. RA performed on right shoulder. Clinical remission of symptoms was observed after 18 months of follow-up. Constant Score at 18 months=72. Discussion: TA use in young patients is limited, so there is a need to implement new surgical techniques in this group of patients. Conclusion: RA is a therapeutic alternative in young and active subjects with DON...

Implante de células mononucleares en la osteonecrosis de cabeza femoral / Implant of mononuclear cells in femoral head osteonecrosis

La necrosis aséptica de la cabeza femoral (NACF) es la muerte de tejido óseo en la cabeza del fémur debido a inadecuado riego sanguíneo, la misma se ha asociado a diversas causas. En la osteonecrosis el grado de destrucción tanto de la arquitectura ósea como de la red de aporte sanguíneo a la cabeza del fémur se afecta en extremo y en muchos casos es necesaria la cirugía como las osteotomías valguizantes, varizantes, Sugioka y otras). En este estudio se utilizó la descompresión central asociada a la terapia celular. Se presenta un paciente masculino de 46 años, con antecedentes de Diabetes Mellitus, bebedor habitual, al cual se le diagnosticó de NACF de cadera izquierda mediante tomografía computarizada, y posteriormente se le realizó cirugía con perforaciones por vía lateral trocantérica (Descompresión Central) y administración de células mononucleares autólogas. El paciente fue dado de alta a las 48 h de operado, con limitación del apoyo los primeros 10 días, y después deambulación asistida. Se le realizaron radiografías a los 6 meses del implante. Después de un año de operado se le da alta y se indica la reincorporación del paciente a sus actividades sociales habituales, no constatando progresión de la osteonecrosis, y logrando así la deambulación sin asistencia(AU)

Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head (AVN-FH) is the death of bone tissue in the femoral head because of inadequate blood supply; it has been associated with various causes. The degree of destruction of bone architecture and the blood supply network to the femoral head is extremely affected. In many cases, surgery is necessary as valgus osteotomies, varus, Sugioka and others. Core decompression associated with cell therapy was used in this study. A male patient aged 46 is presented here. this patient has history of Diabetes Mellitus, regular alcohol consumption, he was diagnosed with aseptic necrosis of the femoral head left hip with CT scan, and he subsequently underwent surgery by perforated lateral approach trochanteric (Central Decompression) and administration of autologous mononuclear cells. The patient was discharged 48 hours after surgery, with limited support during the first 10 days, and then assisted ambulation. Radiographs were performed at 6 months after implantation. After a year of surgery the patient is discharged and he is instructed to return to his usual social activities, noting no progression of osteonecrosis, thus, non-assisted ambulation is achieved(AU)

Astragalectomía. Evaluaciones funcional y radiográfica / Talectomy. Functional and radiological evaluation

Analizar las indicaciones de la astragalectomía y evaluar sus resultados radiográficos y funcionales en cuatro pacientes. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluaron los resultados funcionales (puntaje de la AOFAS) y radiológicos de cinco astragalectomías en cuatro pacientes con diferentes etiologías: Casos 1 y 4, osteonecrosis infectada secundaria a fracturas expuestas de astrágalo; Caso 2, osteonecrosis asociada a equino varo y retropié rígido, secuela de fractura expuesta grave de tibia; y Caso 3, equino varo y retropié rígido neurológico bilateral. Todos los pacientes eran hombres, con una edad promedio de 32.5 años (rango 19-56). Se utilizaron los siguientes procedimientos: abordaje anteroexterno en pie y tobillo, astragalectomía y fijación en posición de corrección con dos clavos de Steinmann de 3 mm, tenotomía del Aquiles u otros, según necesidad. Resultados: Seguimiento de 38 meses (rango 15-84), sin signos de osteoartrosis, o signos leves y sin dolor. Puntaje de la AOFAS 81,4 (puntaje prequirúrgico 17), una discrepancia de longitud del miembro <2 cm y un rango de flexo-extensión de 18° en promedio (variancia entre 10° y 45°). Dos varos leves del retropié y tres alineaciones neutras asintomáticos. Conclusiones: Se observa una buena correlación entre la sintomatología de los pacientes, la alineación adecuada y los escasos signos por imágenes de artrosis tibiocalcánea o en el resto del pie. Si es imposible realizar la técnica de artrodesis o artroplastia de tobillo, la astragalectomía es un método de rescate para pacientes con deformidades muy graves o déficit de stock óseo e infecciones recalcitrantes de la articulación del tobillo. Nivel de Evidencia: IV...

Objectives: To analyze the indications for talectomy and evaluate the radiographic and functional results in four patients. Methods: Functional (AOFAS score) and radiological (X-rays and MR) of five talectomies in four patients with different etiologies: Cases 1 and 4, septic osteonecrosis secondary to open fractures of the talus; Case 2, osteonecrosis associated with rigid equinovarus hindfoot, sequelae of severe open tibia fracture, and Case 3, neurological rigid equinovarus hindfoot, bilateral. All patients were men, with an average age of 32.5 years (range 19-56). We performed the following procedures as needed: anterolateral approach for the foot and ankle, talectomy and fixation in corrected position with two 3 mm Steinmann’s pins, Achilles tenotomy or others.Results: At 38-month follow-up (range 15-84) there were no signs of osteoarthritis, or mild signs and absence of pain. AOFAS score of 81.4 points (preoperative score 17), a length discrepancy of lower limb <2 cm, and a range of flexion and extension of 18° on average (variance between 10° and 45°). Two mild varus hindfoot and three asymptomatic and neutral alignments. Conclusions: There is a good correlation among the patient’s symptoms, proper alignment and few imaging signs of osteoarthritis in the ankle or other joints in the foot. If treatmet with an arthrodesis or an ankle replacement is not possible, the talectomy is an acceptable salvage procedure for patients with severe deformities, bone stock deficiency and recalcitrant infections in the ankle. Level of Evidence: IV...

Reemplazo de superficie de cóndilo femoral y platillo tibial medial. Indicaciones y técnica quirúrgica / Femoro-tibial resurfacing arthroplasty. Indication and surgical technique

El tratamiento de las lesiones focalizadas del cartílago y la osteoartrosis unicompartimentales de rodilla en pacientes de edad media, continúa siendo un desafío. Los resultados a largo plazo de los tratamientos quirúrgicos utilizando diferentes técnicas como microfracturas, limpieza artroscópica, osteotomías son bien conocidos. Ninguna de estas garantiza una solución definitiva sin necesidad de una nueva intervención luego de los 7 años. Unicap, hemi-prótesis de superficie, es una alternativa prometedora para la restauración del compartimiento medial de la rodilla, en pacientes de edad madura con lesiones osteocondrales, necrosis ósea focalizada y osteoartritis unicompatimental. Objetivo: Describir las indicaciones y la técnica quirúrgica para la utilización de Arthrosurface Unicap femoral y platillo tibial medial.

The treatment of isolated cartilage lesions and degenerative osteoarthritis of the medial compartments of the knee in middle-aged patients remains challenging. There are a variety of operative and non-operative modalities that can be used in these cases. The long results of the different surgical techniques like microfractures, arthroscopic debridement, tibial osteotomy are well known. None of these techniques can guarantee a final solution without further intervention after 7 years. Hemicap arthrosurface arthroplasty is one of the latest alternatives designed to address the pain caused by severe, isolated osteoarthritis (OA) of the Femoro tibial joint (FTJ). Objective: This paper outlines the indications and the surgical procedure for the femoro-tibial HemiCAP arthrosurface for isolated FT chondral lesions.

Eficácia na remoção da necrose óssea térmica: realizada por implantes osseointegráveis com câmaras coletoras / Removal effectiveness of thermal osteonecrosis: performed by osseointegrated implants with collecting chambers

Durante a confecção do alvéolo, promove-se o aumento da temperatura da broca devido à fricção, aquecendo o tecido ósseo adjacente e seus componentes celulares, podendo provocar a Necrose Óssea Térmica. A necrose óssea térmica deteriora a porção orgânica do tecido ósseo (tanto matriz óssea como as células), bem como as células diferenciadas e indiferenciadas presentes na circulação sanguínea e medula óssea local. Alguns trabalhos demonstraram que o aquecimento ósseo acima de 47oC por 1 minuto provoca tal fenômeno. Atualmente existem variações na técnica de perfuração com objetivo de diminuir o grau de aquecimento e aumentar as taxas de sucesso dos tratamentos reabilitadores. Sabemos que nem todos os profissionais são cautelosos em utilizar materiais de qualidade e que mesmo os materiais com qualidade, após repetido uso, perdem a eficácia. Seria ideal que o implante osseointegrável gerenciasse a remoção destas áreas de necrose óssea térmica, independentemente da execução correta da técnica de perfuração e da qualidade das brocas. Com isso, garantiríamos que o tecido ósseo poderia se reparar ao redor dos implantes da melhor maneira possível. Neste trabalho avaliamos a eficácia de 3 modelos de implante com câmaras coletoras funcionais diferentes, em tecido ósseo de minipig. O implante com câmara coletora interna demonstrou-se 37,22% mais eficaz que o implante com câmaras externas e 3 arestas cortantes, quando os alvéolos eram confeccionados sem irrigação e com brocas desgastadas. O implante com câmaras coletoras externas e 4 arestas também demonstrou-se eficaz, porém manteve 83,75% das células viáveis enquanto que no grupo com câmaras internas este resultado foi de 91,39%.

The manufacture of the alveolus can increase the temperature of the drill due to friction heating the adjacent bone tissue and its cellular components, this phenomenon is known by thermal osteonecrosis. The thermal osteonecrosis deteriorates the organic portion of bone (bone matrix and cells), as well as undifferentiated and differentiated cells circulating in the blood and bone marrow. Some studies have demonstrated that bone heating above 47oC for 1 minute causes this phenomenon. Currently there are variations in drilling technique aiming to reduce the heating degree and increase the success rates of rehabilitation treatments. We know that not all professionals are cautious of using quality materials and even the materials with quality after repeated use, lose their effectiveness. Would be ideal that implants manages and removes these areas with thermal osteonecrosis, regardless of the technique of implementing the drilling and the quality of drills. With this, we ensure that bone tissue could possibly repair around implants in the best way. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of 3 implant models with different functional collecting chambers in minipigs bone tissue. The implant with internal collection chamber proved to be 37.22% more effective than the implant with external chambers and three sharp edges, when the alveolus were manufactured without irrigation and uncut drills. The implant with external collecting chambers and four sharp edges also showed an effective but 83.75% of the cells remained viable while in the group with internal chambers this result was 91.39%.

Eficácia na remoção da necrose óssea térmica: realizada por implantes osseointegráveis com câmaras coletoras / Removal effectiveness of thermal osteonecrosis: performed by osseointegrated implants with collecting chambers

Durante a confecção do alvéolo, promove-se o aumento da temperatura da broca devido à fricção, aquecendo o tecido ósseo adjacente e seus componentes celulares, podendo provocar a Necrose Óssea Térmica. A necrose óssea térmica deteriora a porção orgânica do tecido ósseo (tanto matriz óssea como as células), bem como as células diferenciadas e indiferenciadas presentes na circulação sanguínea e medula óssea local. Alguns trabalhos demonstraram que o aquecimento ósseo acima de 47oC por 1 minuto provoca tal fenômeno. Atualmente existem variações na técnica de perfuração com objetivo de diminuir o grau de aquecimento e aumentar as taxas de sucesso dos tratamentos reabilitadores. Sabemos que nem todos os profissionais são cautelosos em utilizar materiais de qualidade e que mesmo os materiais com qualidade, após repetido uso, perdem a eficácia. Seria ideal que o implante osseointegrável gerenciasse a remoção destas áreas de necrose óssea térmica, independentemente da execução correta da técnica de perfuração e da qualidade das brocas. Com isso, garantiríamos que o tecido ósseo poderia se reparar ao redor dos implantes da melhor maneira possível. Neste trabalho avaliamos a eficácia de 3 modelos de implante com câmaras coletoras funcionais diferentes, em tecido ósseo de minipig. O implante com câmara coletora interna demonstrou-se 37,22% mais eficaz que o implante com câmaras externas e 3 arestas cortantes, quando os alvéolos eram confeccionados sem irrigação e com brocas desgastadas. O implante com câmaras coletoras externas e 4 arestas também demonstrou-se eficaz, porém manteve 83,75% das células viáveis enquanto que no grupo com câmaras internas este resultado foi de 91,39%.

The manufacture of the alveolus can increase the temperature of the drill due to friction heating the adjacent bone tissue and its cellular components, this phenomenon is known by thermal osteonecrosis. The thermal osteonecrosis deteriorates the organic portion of bone (bone matrix and cells), as well as undifferentiated and differentiated cells circulating in the blood and bone marrow. Some studies have demonstrated that bone heating above 47oC for 1 minute causes this phenomenon. Currently there are variations in drilling technique aiming to reduce the heating degree and increase the success rates of rehabilitation treatments. We know that not all professionals are cautious of using quality materials and even the materials with quality after repeated use, lose their effectiveness. Would be ideal that implants manages and removes these areas with thermal osteonecrosis, regardless of the technique of implementing the drilling and the quality of drills. With this, we ensure that bone tissue could possibly repair around implants in the best way. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of 3 implant models with different functional collecting chambers in minipigs bone tissue. The implant with internal collection chamber proved to be 37.22% more effective than the implant with external chambers and three sharp edges, when the alveolus were manufactured without irrigation and uncut drills. The implant with external collecting chambers and four sharp edges also showed an effective but 83.75% of the cells remained viable while in the group with internal chambers this result was 91.39%.

Microbiological Culture Findings of the Femoral Heads as a Prognostic Factor in the Total Hip Replacement Surgery

BACKGROUND: In primary total hip replacements (THRs), the dissected femoral heads (FHs) are commonly used to make the bone-chips for the reconstruction in the orthopaedic surgery. The donated FHs are routinely microbiologically cultured to identify and contaminated FHs are discarded. This study examines whether a positive FH culture predicts an infection and prosthetic failure after primary THR. METHODS: The study sampled 274 donated FHs from patients with osteonecrosis (ON), hip joint osteoarthritis (OA), and femoral neck fracture (FNF) in THR to culture the microbes. The FH contamination rates were analyzed for ON, OA, and FNF groups. Proportion of the postoperative infection or prosthetic failure in the group of donors with a positive FH culture were compared to the proportion in the group of donors with a negative FH culture. RESULTS: The rates of the positive culture in the ON, OA, and FNF groups were 7.1%, 3.8%, and 4.0%, respectively. The infection rate was found to be non-significantly greater in the ON group than in the OA and FNF groups. In the negative culture group, one patient (0.63%) had a postoperative superficial infection, and five patients (3.2%) experienced additional surgeries including a fixation for a periprosthetic fracture, within a minimum follow-up of two years. However, no postoperative infection was encountered, and no revision surgery was required in the positive culture group. CONCLUSIONS: A positive FH culture is not always associated with elevated risks of infection or prosthetic failure after THR. Therefore, such finding cannot be used as a prognostic factor of THR. The FHs that return a positive culture may not lead to the orthopaedic assessment of an infection or other postoperative complication risks in primary THR.

Medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty in Patients with Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Knee

BACKGROUND: We analyzed the clinical and radiologic results of patients with spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee treated by minimally invasive medial unicompartmental arthroplasty using Oxford Uni. METHODS: We reviewed 22 knees in 21 patients which were treated for spontaneous osteonecrosis between 2002 and 2006. Patients included one male and 20 females. The mean age was 70.8 years (range, 53 to 82 years). The mean follow-up period was 70.3 months (range, 48 to 93 months). The clinical results were evaluated using the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee score and the range of motion of the knee preoperatively and at the final follow-up. Preoperative plain radiographs and magnetic resonance images were analyzed to determine the size and stage of osteonecrotic lesions. RESULTS: The mean HSS knee score was 64.3 (range, 54 to 75) preoperatively and 92.0 (range, 71 to 100) at the final follow-up. The mean preoperative flexion contracture was 8.9degrees (range, 0 to 15degrees) and 0.2degrees (range, 0 to 5degrees) at the final follow-up. The mean further flexion increased from 138.6degrees (range, 100 to 145degrees) preoperatively to 145.6degrees (range, 140 to 150degrees) at the final follow-up. Active full flexion was possible within 2 months of the operation. The squatting position was possible in 16 patients (84.2%) out of 19, except one case of bronchiectasis and one case of spine fracture. The cross-leg posture was possible in 19 patients (90.5%) out of 21. The mean tibiofemoral angle was improved from varus 0.98degrees to valgus 3.22degrees. Meniscal bearing dislocation occurred in 2 cases and femoral component loosening occurred in 1 case. CONCLUSIONS: Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty using Oxford Uni could be an alternative treatment option in spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee.

Osteonecrose dos maxilares induzida por bisfosfonatos: relato de caso clínico / Bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw: case report

A osteonecrose dos maxilares induzida por bisfosfonatos é a primeira complicação tardia da terapia com bisfosfonatos descrita na literatura científica. Essa é definida como o desenvolvimento de osso necrótico na cavidade oral de um paciente que esteja recebendo tratamento com bisfosfonatos e não tenha recebido radioterapia em região de cabeça e pescoço. Clinicamente, as lesões se caracterizam como ulcerações da mucosa oral, frequentemente muito dolorosas, que expõem o osso subjacente. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso clínico de osteonecrose induzida por bisfosfonatos de surgimento espontâneo, com difícil resposta a tratamento conservador, alcançando a cura com cirurgia.

Bifosfonatos y osteonecrosis de los maxilares: consideraciones sobre su tratamiento / Biphosphonate and jaws osteonecrosis: considerations about of treatment

Los bifosfonatos son potentes inhibidores de los osteoclastos, son drogas usadas principalmente para el tratamiento de mieloma múltiple y en metástasis óseas de tumores sólidos como el cáncer de mama. En el año 2003 fue relatado el primer caso de osteonecrosis de los maxilares (ONM) asociado al uso de bifosfonatos, sin embargo aun no se ha establecido una relación causa efecto de estas drogas sobre la ONM. La incidencia en tiempos anteriores en relación al uso de bifosfonatos era muy baja, siendo que hoy día alcanza 10 por ciento o más en las patologías mencionadas tratadas con estas drogas. Este artículo tiene por objetivo alertar sobre una posible complicación en pacientes que hacen uso de bifosfonatos, a través de la revisión de la literatura y la presentación de un caso clínico.

Bisphosphonates are strong osteoclastic inhibitor activities, being these drugs usually for treatment of multiple myeloma and bone metastases of solid tumors like breast cancer. The osteonecrosis of the maxillary bones was first described in 2003. The relation of these medicines and maxillary bone osteonecrosis still uncertain. The incidence of this bone necrosis was very low before biphosphonates using. Nowadays this complication reach at least 10 percent of patients in these therapy using. The present work mean to alert for possible complication in biphosphonates using patients, thru a literature review and a clinical case presentation.

Artroplastia unicompartimental no tratamento da artrose medial do joelho / The unicompartmental arthroplasty in knee arthrosis treatment

OBJETIVO: Analisar a evolução de um grupo de pacientes submetido a artroplastia unicompartimental de joelho para tratamento das artroses e nas osteonecroses que comprometem exclusivamente o comportamento medial. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 49 pacientes portadores de artrose unicompartimental de joelho com idade variando entre 47 e 88 anos de idade, sendo 12 homens e 37 mulheres. Todos foram submetidos à artroplastia unicompartimental do tipo Miller-Galante. Após seguimento mínimo de quatro anos, os pacientes foram avaliados subjetivamente pelo exame ortopédico e objetivamente pelo sistema Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS). RESULTADOS: Apenas uma paciente necessitou de revisão para artroplastia total; quatro apresentaram dor não incapacitante; e três, queixas de instabilidade esporádica não incapacitante. Na avaliação do HSS, 30 pacientes apresentaram resultados excelentes; 18, resultados bons; e um, resultado regular. CONCLUSÃO: A artroplastia unicompartimental é uma boa opção para casos de artrose e osteonecrose do compartimento medial do joelho.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the evolution of a group of patients submitted to unicompartmental arthroplasty of the knee to treat arthrosis and in osteonecrosis that involve only the medial compartment. METHODS: 49 patients with unicompartmental knee arthrosis were evaluated. Ages ranged between 47 and 88 years, 12 of them male, and 37 female. All were submitted to the Miller-Galante type unicompartmental arthroplasty. After a minimum follow-up of four years the patients were evaluated objectively by the orthopedic exam and subjectively by the HSS system. RESULTS: Only one patient required a revision for total arthroplasty, four patients presented non-disabling pain, and three complained of sporadic instability, though not disabling. In the HSS evaluation, 30 patients had excellent results, 18 had good results, and one had a regular result. CONCLUSION: Unicompartmental arthroplasty is a good option for arthrosis and osteonecrosis of the medial compartment of the knee.

Osteonecrose no adulto / Osteonecrosis in the adul

O presente artigo tem por objetivo fazer uma revisão de literatura recente e objetiva sobre a osteonecrose nos pacientes adultos, dando destaque a aspectos como epidemiologia, fisiopatologia, principais articulações acometidas e o devido tratamento.

Arthroscopic debridement for treatment of kienbock's disease

The purpose of this study is to assess the value of arthroscopic debridement of the wrist in the management of stage III Kienbock's disease. Seventeen patients were diagnosed with Kienbock's disease, grade III. The 6 male and 11 female patients ranged in age from 21 to 43 years with an average of 32 years. Seven patients were grade III A while 10 patients were grade IIIB. All patients were treated with arthroscopic shaving of synovitis of the wrist with debridement of the necrotic lunate and the degenerative intrinsic ligaments. Postoperatively patients were splinted for 2 weeks and then they were started on active range of motion exercises. Postoperative follow-up averaged 23 months with a range from 14 to 32 months. Patients were evaluated for pain, range of motion, grip strength, and the functional use of the wrist. Radiographic assessment of progression of the disease, carpal height, morphology of the lunate, and radioscaphoid angle was made. All patients showed improvement of pain [from an average of 6 on pain analogue scale preoperatively to 3 post-operatively], mechanical symptoms as well as wrist function. Grip strength, as compared to the contralateral side, improved from an average of 50% preoperatively to 80% of the contralateral side postoperatively. Active range of motion of the wrist improved in 9 patients and was unchanged in 6 patients, while 2 patients demonstrated slight decrease in the range of motion. There was no radiographic improvement however deterioration was noted in 5 patients mainly in lunate shape. Minimally invasive arthroscopic debridement of the wrist in grade III Kienbock's disease was found to result in significant symptomatic and functional improvement although its impact on the disease progression is uncertain and is still in need for further assessment